What layer 2 networks do
They process transactions off the main Ethereum chain, then post the results back, which can make using Ethereum cheaper.
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Validators lock up ether to help secure the network and earn rewards, and they can lose part of it for breaking the rules.

Since 2022, Ethereum has relied on proof of stake. Validators lock up ether, propose and confirm blocks, and earn rewards for doing it correctly. Running your own validator requires 32 ether.
Exchanges and liquid staking services let people stake smaller amounts. These add a different risk, because you’re also relying on that company or its software.
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